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Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry ((スウェーデン語:Nobelpriset i kemi)) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. This award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on proposal of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry which consists of five members elected by Academy. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands, "for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions."
==Background==
Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.〔Ragnar Sohlman: 1983, Page 7〕 Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish ''kronor'' (US$186 million in 2008), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.〔("The Will of Alfred Nobel" ), ''nobelprize.org''. Retrieved 6 November 2007.〕 Due to the level of skepticism surrounding the will, it was not until April 26, 1897 that it was approved by the Storting (Norwegian Parliament).〔 〕〔Agneta Wallin Levinovitz: 2001, Page 13〕 The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes.
The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11. The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.〔〔AFP, ("Alfred Nobel's last will and testament" ), ''The Local''(5 October 2009): accessed 20 January 2010.〕〔("Nobel Prize )" (2007), in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', accessed 15 January 2009, from ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'': 〕 According to Nobel's will, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences were to award the Prize in Chemistry.〔
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